Brain Tumor

DEFINITIONS:
Benign brain tumors are abnormal tissue growth in the brain, but not malignant.
Malignant brain tumor is a cancer in the brain which potentially infiltrate and destroy the tissue next to or that have spread (metastases) to the brain from other parts of the body through the bloodstream.
Several types of benign brain tumors can grow inside the brain and named according to the cell or tissue origin:

Schwannoma originating from Schwann cells that wrap the neural

Ependimoma derived from cells that restrict the part of the brain

Meningioma originating from meningen (tissue that lines the outside of the brain)

Adenoma originated from the gland cells

Osteoma originating from the bone structure of the skull

Hemangioblastoma derived from the blood vessels.

Benign brain tumor that could be a congenital abnormality is:

Kraniofaringioma

Kordoma

Germinoma

Teratoma

Dermoid Cyst

Angioma.

Meningioma is usually benign, but may recur after being picked up. These tumors are more often found in women and usually appears at age 40-60 years, but it was likely appear in childhood or at a more advanced age.Tumor symptoms and lowered the possibility of this depends on the size, speed growth and its location in the brain. If you grow very large, can cause mental deterioration such as dementia (senility). Malignant brain tumors are the most common is the spread of cancer from other parts of the body. Breast cancer and lung cancer, a malignant melanoma and cancers of the blood cells (such as leukemia and lymphoma) can spread to the brain. This dissemination can occur in one area or several different parts of the brain. Derived from primary brain tumors in the brain, which consists of:
Glioma derived from tissue that surround and support nerve cells, some of which are malignant Glioblastoma multiformis is the type most often found Astrocytoma anaplastic, very fast growth Astrocytoma, slow growth. Oligodendroglioma Meduloblastoma, rare, usually attacking the children before they reach puberty
Sarcoma and adenosarkoma is a rare cancer, which grows from structures other than nerve cells.
Brain tumor originating from the nervous system
Type of Tumor Origin Malignancy Status Percentage Of All Frequently Affected Brain Tumors:
Neuron Kordoma of the vertebral column benign but invasive Less than 1% Adult
Germ cell tumors of embryonic cells 1% Malignant or benign Children
Glioma (glioblastoma multiformis, astrocytoma, oligodendtrositoma) adherent cells of the brain, including astrocyte and oligodendrosit Malignant or relatively benign 65% Children & adults.
Benign blood vessels Hemangioblastoma 1-2% Children and adults.
Meduloblastoma embryonic cells Malignant Children.
Meningioma cells from the membranes covering the brain who Benign 20% Adult.
Benign Bone Osteoma second skull Children and adults.
Malignant skull bones Osteosarkoma Less than 1% The kids and adults
Pinealoma cells in benign glands pinealis 1% Children.
Pituitary adenoma pituitary epithelial cells of benign 2% Children and adults.
Tues Schwannoma who wrapped up the neural Benign Schwann 3% Adult.

SYMPTOMS
Both benign and malignant tumors, symptoms occur if the damaged brain tissue or brain gets the emphasis.If a brain tumor is spreading from other tumors, it will be symptoms associated with cancer origin. For example slimy stones and bleeding occurred in lung cancer, lumps in the breast can occur in breast cancer. Symptoms of brain tumors depend on the size, growth speed and location. In some parts of the brain tumor can grow up to reach a larger size before the onset of symptoms, while the rest of the brain, tumor size kecilpun can cause a fatal effect.Early symptoms of brain tumors is often a headache.Headache due to tumor recurrence or perceived continuously, wonderful, can happen to someone who has never previously experienced headaches, occur at night and remained there until awakened. Other early symptoms are often found is a disorder of balance and coordination, dizziness and double vision. Advanced symptoms can include nausea and vomiting, fever, loss arising as well as pulse rate and respiratory rate is abnormal, fast or slow. Before she died, there was great fluctuation of blood pressure. Some brain tumors cause seizures. Seizures occur more frequently in benign brain tumors, meningioma and slow-growing cancer. Tumors can cause arm or leg on one side of the body becomes weak or paralyzed and could affect your ability to feel heat, cold, pressure, light touch or a sharp object. Tumors can also affect hearing, sight and smell. Emphasis on the brain can cause personality changes and causing people to feel drowsy, dazed and unable to think. These symptoms are very serious and require medical treatment right away.

Astrocytoma and Oligodendroglioma

Astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma tumors whose growth is slow and may only cause a seizure. If more malignant (anaplastic astrocytoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma) can cause brain dysfunction, such as weakness, loss of taste and an unsteady step. Astrocytoma the most ferocious is glioblastoma multiformis, which grow very rapidly causing increased pressure inside the brain and causes headaches, slowed thinking and feeling sleepy or even coma.

Meningioma
Benign tumor originating from the membranes covering the brain (meningen) can cause various symptoms depending on the location of their growth. It could happen weakness or numbness, seizures, disturbances of smell, highlighting the eyes and vision problems. In elderly patients can cause memory loss and difficulty in thinking, similar to what occurs in Alzheimer's disease.

Tumor Pinealis

Pinealis gland located in the mid-brain, which functions regulate internal body clock, especially at normal cycles between wake and sleep. Pinealis atypical tumors (germ cell tumors) most often occurs in childhood and often cause early puberty. This tumor can damage the drainage of fluid around the brain, causing brain and skull enlargement (hydrocephalus) and serious brain dysfunction.

Pituitary tumor

Pituitary gland located at the base of the skull, functioning body regulate the endocrine system. Pituitary tumors are usually benign and produce abnormally large amounts of pituitary hormones:

• Increasing levels of excess growth hormone cause gigantism (very high growth) or akromegali (a disproportionate enlargement of the head, face, hands, legs and chest)
• Elevated levels of corticotropin causing Cushing's syndrome
• Elevated levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) cause hyperthyroidism
• Elevated levels of prolactin cause amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual cycle), galactorrhea (formation of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding) and gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men).

Pituitary tumors can also produce hormones erusak network, which in turn would cause dalamtubuh hormone deficiency. Other symptoms can include headaches and loss of outer field of view in both eyes.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. X-ray skull and brain had only a modest description of a brain tumor. All types of brain tumors can usually be seen on CT scan or MRI, which could also determine the size and location of which is uncertain. Pituitary tumors are usually found if it had hit the nerve of sight. Blood tests showed abnormal hormone levels and pituitary tumors can usually be diagnosed by CT scan or MRI. Biopsy is performed to determine the type and nature of tumors (malignant or benign). Sometimes microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture, can show the existence of cancer cells. If there is increased pressure inside the skull, the lumbar puncture can not be done due to pressure changes suddenly could cause herniation. In the herniation, increased pressure within the skull pushing down the brain tissue through a narrow hole at the base of the skull, so that pressing the lower part of the brain (brainstem). As a result, functions that are controlled by the brain stem (breathing, heart rate and blood pressure) will experience interference. If not addressed, herniation can cause coma and death.

TREATMENT
Treatment of brain tumors depends on the location and type. If possible, the tumors removed surgically. Surgery sometimes causes brain damage that can cause partial paralysis, changes in taste, weakness and intellectual disorders. But surgery should be performed if its growth threatens important brain structures. Although the tumor can not cure cancer, but can reduce the size of the tumor, relieve symptoms and help determine the types of tumors and other medications. Some benign tumors must be removed surgically, because they kept growing in the cavity is narrow and can cause more severe damage or death. Meningioma, schwannoma and ependimoma usually removed surgically. After surgery is sometimes performed radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells remaining. Malignant tumors treated with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy began after as much as possible the tumor removed surgically. Radiation therapy can not cure the tumor, but it helps minimize the size of the tumor so that tumor can be controlled. Chemotherapy is used to treat some types of brain cancer. Primary brain cancer or metastatic brain cancer responds well to chemotherapy. If there is increased pressure inside the brain, was given an injection of mannitol and corticosteroids to reduce pressure and prevent herniation. Treatment of metastatic cancer depends on the source of the cancer. Radiation therapy is often done. If the spread is only one area, then it could be done surgically.

Antibiotics
Despite treatment, only about 25% of brain cancer patients survive after two years. Better prognosis was found in astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, where the cancer is usually no recurrence within 3-5 years after treatment. Approximately 50% of patients treated meduloblastoma survive more than five years. Treatment for brain cancer is more effective on:

• Patients under 45 years old
• Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma
• Patients are partially or almost the entire tumor was removed surgically.