Main Causes Cervical Cancer Mortality

Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in developing countries. In fact, it actually can be minimized cancer sufferer.
This was revealed on the show "Fight for Cervical Cancer" held by the Faculty of vocational Public Relations, University of Indonesia, Thursday (05/06/2010). This activity aims to increase awareness of women, especially female students about the dangers of cervical cancer (cervical).
Cervical cancer is cancer of the lower area of the uterus that connects the uterus with the vagina. Normal cervical cells infected with human papilloma virus (HPV), especially types 16 and 18, slowly evolved into precancerous.

One of the speakers, content specialists Adrian Setiawan, said that cervical cancer is the leading cause of death of women in developing countries. According to data Globocan 2002, there were 40 000 new cases of cervical cancer with about 22,000 deaths in women in Southeast Asia. Indonesia is ranked first with 15 050 new cases and deaths in the year 7566 souls.
The figure is not much change, even increased compared with the previous year. Premises a growing number of patients, cervical cancer cases occur iceberg phenomenon. This means about 20 Indonesian women died of cervical cancer per day," said Adrian.
One of the causes of high incidence in developing countries is limited information about that type of cancer. Early detection of pap smears and vaccines are still relatively expensive. Pap smear costs Rp 400,000-Rp 700,000. HPV vaccine Aementara once to Rp 1 million needles.
Adrian said, about 90 percent of cervical cancers caused by HPV-common viruses. While 80-10 HPV-infected women allegedly had in his life. The virus can be transmitted in women and men. There are about 100 types of HPV and 30 of them on the genitals. Most can be cleaned by the body.
Types of HPV that are known to cause cancer among other types 16 and 18, cause about 70 percent of cervical cancer. Cervical cancer is often without symptoms, so that approximately 70 percent of patients present in advanced stage.
Similar disclosed Adityawati G Parengkuan from Indonesia Cancer Foundation. He said cancer patients continues to increase and 85 percent of the causes of cancer in general is 15 percent of environmental factors and genetic factors.
Risk factors for cervical cancer include sexual intercourse young age (less than 20 years), changing sexual partners, often suffer from infections in the genital area, and gave birth to many children. Another risk factor is a deficiency of vitamins A, C and E as well as exposure to cigarette smoke.
Adrian said, the primary prevention of cervical cancer vaccine may be with HPV types 16 and 18. Other measures to keep sexual behavior.

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10 stranges That Occure Humans

Serious illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, stroke or heart already widely known. But actually there are many other diseases of unknown and even sound pretty strange. Any disease that?
Many people who may never have heard of this disease and some of them have bad effects. Here's the diseases that sounded strange to humans:

1. Trichotillomania
The disease is spelled weird to comprehend. People who have this disease have the urge to pull hair to fall out, including body hair, scalp hair, beard, eyelashes, nose hair or eyebrows. This condition is likely due to abnormalities in serotonin and dopamine.

2. Cotard's Syndrome
Patients with this disease will feel that he is dead and nothing in the world anymore. It also felt that he had lost blood or internal organs and body parts that had decayed. These conditions can be developed as a result of mental disease or associated with depression.

3. KleptomaniaPatients with this disease will always steal anything that is not even worth though. In some cases patients do not realize that it is a form of theft. At the time of stealing the patients feel happy or there is a certain satisfaction. An evidence suggests that abnormalities of serotonin in the brain can cause these diseases.

4. Stendhal Syndrome
This condition is spelled weird for someone who has this disease will suffer if exposed to the beautiful artwork in great numbers. In a short time the person will experience dizziness, rapid heart beat, confusion and hallucinations.

5. Exploding Head Syndrome
Patients felt there was a loud noise that seemed to appear from inside his own head like an explosion. Usually occurs after a person is sleeping for two hours, but not for the dream. Patients will feel fear and anxiety that accompanied the increase heart rate.

6. Pica
This disease causes the sufferer has the urge to eat strange foods other than food in general, such as paper, glue, clay, dirt, bricks or yarn. Some researches suspect this is due to mineral deficiency, but the exact cause is unknown.

7. Genital Retraction Syndrome
This syndrome causes a person becomes panicky, anxious and confused about parts of her body. For men have the idea that their penis will continue to shrink, and lost into the stomach. Whereas a woman feels her breasts will shrink and get into the body.

8. Insensitivity to pain since birth
People who have this condition to become insensitive to pain or pain, they will not feel the pain if injured or bleeding wounds such as stab a pin in the skin. The reason is that the gene mutation occurs in the synthesis of sodium in a particular flow are involved in pain stimulus.

9. Moebius Syndrome
The disease is characterized by a lack of nerve in the face, eliminating eskpresi face. People with this syndrome will often be seen sleeping with open eyes, can not smile, frown, control eye blinking and disruption of the ability to speak and swallow.

10. Ondine's curse
It is estimated there are about 200-300 people around the world who has this disease. People who suffer from Ondine's curse has a very difficult time for taking in oxygen to make them look tired often and easily tired. If this happens during sleep and no medical help, it can cause death.

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Asthma in Adult

Asthma disease causes swelling and inflammation in the airways leading to lungs. When asthma relapse, the airways become narrow and tight. So air can pass easily and make it difficult to breathe. This is also called asthma attacks or exacerbations. Asthma attack people in different ways. Some people only have asthma attacks during allergy season, or when they breathe in cold air, or when they exercise. Others have many bad attacks that make them often to the doctor.
Even if you have asthma attacks are rare, you still have to treat your asthma. Swelling and inflammation in the airways may cause permanent changes in the airways and lungs hurt you. Many people have active asthma. Although asthma is a lifelong disease, treatment can control your asthma and stay healthy.

What causes asthma?
Experts do not know exactly what causes asthma. But there are some things we know:

• Asthma disease is hereditary.
• The disease of asthma is much more common in people with allergies, although not everyone with allergies gets asthma. And not everyone with allergies have asthma.
• The pollution may cause asthma or make it worse.

Any asthma symptoms?
Asthma symptoms can be mild or severe. You may have mild attacks now and then, or perhaps a severe asthma symptoms every day, or maybe perpaduannya. How often do you have these symptoms can also be changed. If you have asthma, you can:

• Sigh, make the hard or soft whistling noise that occurs when you breathe in and out.
• Coughing.
• Feeling tightness in the chest.
• Feeling short of breath.
• Difficulty sleeping because of cough or difficult breathing.
• Fast tired during exercise or sports.

Your symptoms may be worse at night.Severe asthma attacks can be life threatening and require emergency care.

How is asthma diagnosed?
Along with doing a physical exam and ask about your health, your doctor may perform lung function tests. These tests include: These tests include:

Spirometry. Doctors use this test to diagnose and monitor asthma. It measures how fast you can move air into and out of your lungs and how much air is moving.

Peak expiratory flow (PEF). This shows how quickly you can breathe when you try as hard as possible.

An exercise or inhalation challenge. This test measures how quickly you can breathe after exercise or after taking drugs.

X-ray chest, to see if there are other diseases that cause your symptoms.

Allergy tests, if your doctor thinks your symptoms may be caused by allergies.

You need regular checkups with your doctor to keep track of your asthma medications and decide.

Asthma Drugs?
There are two parts for the treatment of asthma. The aim is to:

• Long-term asthma control. To do this, use a daily asthma treatment plan. This is a written plan which informs about the drugs taken. It also helps you track your symptoms and know all too well care / treatment is working. Many people take controller medicine is usually inhaled corticosteroid daily. Using a controller medicine every day helps reduce inflammation in the airways and prevent attacks. The doctor will show you how to use the suction properly. It is important that you get the correct amount of medication to help you breathe better.
• The treatment when asthma attacks occur. Using asthma action plan, which tells you what to do when you have an asthma attack. Help you identify the triggers that can cause your asthma attacks. Your use of rescue medications, such as albuterol, during an attack.

If you need to use a rescue inhaler more often than usual, talk to your doctor. This is a sign that your asthma is uncontrolled and can cause problems. Asthma attacks can be life threatening, but you may be able to prevent them if you follow the plan. Your doctor can teach the skills you need to use the treatment of asthma and plans for action.

How can you prevent asthma attacks?
You can prevent some asthma attacks by avoiding things that cause them. These are called triggers. Triggers can be:

• Irritants in the air like cigarette smoke or air pollution. Do not smoke, and try to avoid smoking around them.
• The things you are allergic to it, such as pet fur (cat, dog), dust, cockroaches, or pollen. If you can avoid the things you are allergic to it. It may also help to make sure to select the type of allergy medication.
• Ask about the doctor uses inhalers (vacuum) if the exercise can trigger you.
• Other things such as heat, cold, infection, or drugs such as aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Try not to exercise outside when it was cold and heat. Talking to your doctor about some vaccines to prevent infection, and ask about what medicines you should avoid.

Sometimes you do not know what triggers an asthma attack. This is why the importance to have an asthma action plan that tells you what to do during an attack

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Leukemia (Blood Cancer)

Leukemia is a type of cancer that starts in the bone marrow, which is the soft tissue in bone is responsible for producing red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Some cells can change into the leukemia cells, which then become more healthy dividing cells. For cancer of the bone marrow create more leukemia cells, healthy cells pushing them out and replace them, making it difficult for blood to function properly, and that leads to serious medical problems. There are four main types of leukemia into two categories depending on how leukemia in progress and the difference between normal and abnormal cells.

Acute leukemia
Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is cancer that spreads rapidly in the blood and bone marrow. Because the original leukemic cells, bone marrow that produces a variety of blasts, or not, nonfunctional cells. Under healthy circumstances, these cells will develop into white blood cells that fight infection, red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body, or platelets to help clotting. However, in people with AML, these blasts do not experience normal development and inhibits the production of new cells.
Acute lymphocytic leukemias (ALL) is a cancer that is similar to acute myelogenous leukemia exception, rather than affecting all cell types, beginning in lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are white blood cells that defend the body against infection. Bone marrow makes cells has not been known as the blasts, which in healthy people will become lymphocytes. ALL the people, however, does not blasts develop into white blood cells normally. Abnormal cells that later took place in the mind is usually devoted to healthy cells, and inhibit the creation of new cells. This process can lead to a reduction of red blood cells and the development of anemia, as well as a reduction of white blood cells that leads to a weak immune system.

Chronic Leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), such as the type of leukemia, developing in the blood and bone marrow. Chronic leukemia take place at the slow rate of acute leukemia, but still affects the lymphocytes, which normally fight infection. CLL made too many nonfunctional lymphocytes that takes the place of healthy cells. As cancer cells continue to multiply, they inhibit the functional effectiveness of lymphocytes, leading to a weak immune system. Slow healing and anemia can also occur in CLL patients as red blood cells and platelets are replaced by abnormal lymphocytes.
Chronic Myeloid leukemia (CML) is a slow-growing type of leukemia that makes almost-functional marrow red blood cells, white and platelets-in disproportionate numbers. Many of the white blood cells and platelets are made, while the number of red blood cells formed. Blood flow begins to slow as the number of white blood cells increased and the patient may experience severe anemia due to a decrease in red blood cells.
The symptoms vary for each type of leukemia, but common symptoms include fever and chills, fatigue, frequent infections, loss of appetite and weight, swollen lymph nodes, easy bruising or bleeding, shortness of breath, bone pain, night sweats, and bleeding into the skin.
Complete blood count, or CBC, is a blood test that measures the count of red blood cells, white blood cell count, hemoglobin level and platelet count, among others. It is commonly used to diagnose leukemia. Another method used for diagnosing leukemia including marrow biopsies, spinal fluid tests, physical exams, screenings chromosomes, and chest X-rays.
Treatment for leukemia may include chemotherapy, radiation, biological therapy, targeted therapies such as kinase inhibitors, and bone marrow and stem-cell transplantations.

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Rehabilitation of Eye Cancer

Completing treatment can be both stressful and exciting. You will be relieved to finish treatment, yet it is hard not to worry about cancer coming back. (When cancer returns, it is called recurrence.) This is a very common concern among those who have had cancer. It may take a while before your confidence in your own recovery begins to feel real and your fears are somewhat relieved.

Follow-up care
After your treatment is over, it is very important to keep all follow-up appointments. During these visits, your doctors will ask about symptoms, do physical exams, and may order blood tests or imaging studies such as CT scans or x-rays. Follow-up is needed to check for cancer recurrence or spread, as well as possible side effects of certain treatments. This is the time for you to ask your health care team any questions you need answered and to discuss any concerns you might have. Almost any cancer treatment can have side effects. Some may last for a few weeks to several months, but others can be permanent. Don't hesitate to tell your cancer care team about any symptoms or side effects that bother you so they can help you manage them.

Follow-up after treatment of intraocular melanoma: Following treatment, your doctor will most likely want to see you fairly frequently (every couple of months or so) at first. The time between visits may be extended if there are no problems. During these doctor visits, physical exams are done to look for tumor recurrence or side effects of treatment as early as possible. Imaging tests such as chest x-rays, ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI scans may be done to watch for recurrence or metastasis. Most recurrences can be treated more effectively if they are found early. The liver and lungs are the most common sites of distant recurrence of melanoma of the eye. Treatments for eye cancers such as surgery, radiation therapy, and laser therapy can cause some side effects. Your doctors will check your treated eye for complications and may recommend medicines or operations to help control side effects and help to keep your vision as clear as possible. For example, radiation therapy may cause cataracts to form or injure muscles around the eye, resulting in blurred or double vision. In either case, surgery may be able to help with these problems.
Follow-up after treatment of intraocular lymphoma: Physical exams are usually done about every 3 months for the first few years following treatment. Other tests may include lumbar punctures (spinal taps) to look for lymphoma cells in the spinal fluid and MRI scans of the brain to look for recurrence or metastasis.

Seeing a new doctor
At some point after your cancer diagnosis and treatment, you may find yourself in the office of a new doctor. Your original doctor may have moved or retired, or you may have moved or changed doctors for some reason. It is important that you be able to give your new doctor the exact details of your diagnosis and treatment. Make sure you have the following information handy:

• a copy of your pathology report(s) from any biopsies or surgeries
• if you had surgery, a copy of your operative report(s)
• if you were hospitalized, a copy of the discharge summary that doctors must prepare when patients are sent home
• if you had radiation therapy, a summary of the type and dose of radiation and when and where it was given
  
• if you had chemo, a list of your drugs, drug doses, and when you took them

It is also important to keep medical insurance. Even though no one wants to think of their cancer coming back, it is always a possibility. If it happens, the last thing you want is to have to worry about paying for treatment.

Lifestyle changes to consider during and after treatment
Having cancer and dealing with treatment can be time-consuming and emotionally draining, but it can also be a time to look at your life in new ways. Maybe you are thinking about how to improve your health over the long term. Some people even begin this process during cancer treatment.

Make healthier choices
Think about your life before you learned you had cancer. Were there things you did that might have made you less healthy? Maybe you drank too much alcohol, or ate more than you needed, or smoked, or didn't exercise very often. Emotionally, maybe you kept your feelings bottled up, or maybe you let stressful situations go on too long. Now is not the time to feel guilty or to blame yourself. However, you can start making changes today that can have positive effects for the rest of your life. Not only will you feel better but you will also be healthier. What better time than now to take advantage of the motivation you have as a result of going through a life-changing experience like having cancer?

Diet and nutrition
Eating right can be a challenge for anyone, but it can get even tougher during and after cancer treatment. For instance, treatment often may change your sense of taste. Nausea can be a problem. You may lose your appetite for a while and lose weight when you don't want to. On the other hand, some people gain weight even without eating more. This can be frustrating, too. If you are losing weight or have taste problems during treatment, do the best you can with eating and remember that these problems usually improve over time. You may want to ask your cancer team for a referral to a dietitian, an expert in nutrition who can give you ideas on how to fight some of the side effects of your treatment. You may also find it helps to eat small portions every 2 to 3 hours until you feel better and can go back to a more normal schedule. One of the best things you can do after treatment is to put healthy eating habits into place. You will be surprised at the long-term benefits of some simple changes, like increasing the variety of healthy foods you eat. Try to eat 5 or more servings of vegetables and fruits each day. Choose whole grain foods instead of white flour and sugars. Try to limit meats that are high in fat. Cut back on processed meats like hot dogs, bologna, and bacon. Get rid of them altogether if you can. If you drink alcohol, limit yourself to 1 or 2 drinks a day at the most. And don't forget to get some type of regular exercise. The combination of a good diet and regular exercise will help you maintain a healthy weight and keep you feeling more energetic.

Rest, fatigue, work, and exercise
Fatigue is a very common symptom in people being treated for cancer. This is often not an ordinary type of tiredness but a "bone-weary" exhaustion that doesn't get better with rest. For some, this fatigue lasts a long time after treatment, and can discourage them from physical activity. However, exercise can actually help you reduce fatigue. Studies have shown that patients who follow an exercise program tailored to their personal needs feel physically and emotionally improved and can cope better. If you are ill and need to be on bed rest during treatment, it is normal to expect your fitness, endurance, and muscle strength to decline some. Physical therapy can help you maintain strength and range of motion in your muscles, which can help fight fatigue and the sense of depression that sometimes comes with feeling so tired. Any program of physical activity should fit your own situation. An older person who has never exercised will not be able to take on the same amount of exercise as a 20-year-old who plays tennis 3 times a week. If you haven’t exercised in a few years but can still get around, you may want to think about taking short walks. Talk with your health care team before starting, and get their opinion about your exercise plans. Then, try to get an exercise buddy so that you're not doing it alone. Having family or friends involved when starting a new exercise program can give you that extra boost of support to keep you going when the push just isn’t there. If you are very tired, though, you will need to balance activity with rest. It is okay to rest when you need to. It is really hard for some people to allow themselves to do that when they are used to working all day or taking care of a household.
Exercise can improve your physical and emotional health.

• It improves your cardiovascular (heart and circulation) fitness.
• It strengthens your muscles.
• It reduces fatigue.
• It lowers anxiety and depression.
• It makes you feel generally happier.
• It helps you feel better about yourself.

And long term, we know that exercise plays a role in preventing some cancers. The American Cancer Society, in its guidelines on physical activity for cancer prevention, recommends that adults take part in at least 1 physical activity for 30 minutes or more on 5 days or more of the week. Children and teens are encouraged to try for at least 60 minutes a day of energetic physical activity on at least 5 days a week.

How about your emotional health?
Once your treatment ends, you may find yourself overwhelmed by emotions. This happens to a lot of people. You may have been going through so much during treatment that you could only focus on getting through your treatment. Now you may find that you think about the potential of your own death, or the effect of your cancer on your family, friends, and career. You may also begin to re-evaluate your relationship with your spouse or partner. Unexpected issues may also cause concern -- for instance, as you become healthier and have fewer doctor visits, you will see your health care team less often. That can be a source of anxiety for some. This is an ideal time to seek out emotional and social support. You need people you can turn to for strength and comfort. Support can come in many forms: family, friends, cancer support groups, church or spiritual groups, online support communities, or individual counselors. Almost everyone who has been through cancer can benefit from getting some type of support. What's best for you depends on your situation and personality. Some people feel safe in peer-support groups or education groups. Others would rather talk in an informal setting, such as church. Others may feel more at ease talking one-on-one with a trusted friend or counselor. Whatever your source of strength or comfort, make sure you have a place to go with your concerns. The cancer journey can feel very lonely. It is not necessary or realistic to go it all by yourself. And your friends and family may feel shut out if you decide not include them. You can't change the fact that you have had cancer. What you can change is how you live the rest of your life -- making healthy choices and feeling as well as possible, physically and emotionally.

What happens if treatment is no longer working?
If cancer continues to grow after one kind of treatment, or if it returns, it is often possible to try another treatment plan that might still cure the cancer, or at least shrink the tumors enough to help you live longer and feel better. On the other hand, when a person has received several different medical treatments and the cancer has not been cured, over time the cancer tends to become resistant to all treatment. At this time it's important to weigh the possible limited benefit of a new treatment against the possible downsides, including continued doctor visits and treatment side effects. Everyone has his or her own way of looking at this. Some people may want to focus on remaining comfortable during their limited time left. This is likely to be the most difficult time in your battle with cancer -- when you have tried everything medically within reason and it's just not working anymore. Although your doctor may offer you new treatment, you need to consider that at some point, continuing treatment is not likely to improve your health or change your prognosis or survival. If you want to continue treatment to fight your cancer as long as you can, you still need to consider the odds of more treatment having any benefit. In many cases, your doctor can estimate the response rate for the treatment you are considering. Some people are tempted to try more chemotherapy or radiation, for example, even when their doctors say that the odds of benefit are less than 1%. In this situation, you need to think about and understand your reasons for choosing this plan. No matter what you decide to do, it is important that you be as comfortable as possible. Make sure you are asking for and getting treatment for any symptoms you might have, such as pain. This type of treatment is called "palliative" treatment. Palliative treatment helps relieve these symptoms, but is not expected to cure the disease; its main purpose is to improve your quality of life. Sometimes, the treatments you get to control your symptoms are similar to the treatments used to treat cancer. For example, radiation therapy might be given to help relieve bone pain from bone metastasis. Or chemotherapy might be given to help shrink a tumor and keep it from causing a bowel obstruction. But this is not the same as receiving treatment to try to cure the cancer. At some point, you may benefit from hospice care. Most of the time, this can be given at home. Your cancer may be causing symptoms or problems that need attention, and hospice focuses on your comfort. You should know that receiving hospice care doesn’t mean you can't have treatment for the problems caused by your cancer or other health conditions. It just means that the focus of your care is on living life as fully as possible and feeling as well as you can at this difficult stage of your cancer. Remember also that maintaining hope is important. Your hope for a cure may not be as bright, but there is still hope for good times with family and friends -- times that are filled with happiness and meaning. In a way, pausing at this time in your cancer treatment is an opportunity to refocus on the most important things in your life. This is the time to do some things you've always wanted to do and to stop doing the things you no longer want to do

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Treatment of Eye Cancer

Surgery

Surgery is used to treat some intraocular melanomas but is not used to treat intraocular lymphoma. It is used less often than in the past, as the use of radiation therapy has grown. The type of surgery depends on the location and size of the tumor. Patients are under general anesthesia (in a deep sleep) during these operations, and they usually leave the hospital 1 or 2 days afterward. The operations used in treating people with melanoma include:
Iridectomy: Removal of part of the iris. This operation is used for very small iris melanomas.
Iridotrabeculectomy: Removal of part of the iris, plus a small piece of the outer part of the eyeball. Small iris melanomas may be treated with this technique.
Iridocyclectomy: Removal of a portion of the iris and the ciliary body. This operation is also used for small iris melanomas.

Resection: Doctors in some cancer centers may try to surgically resect (remove) a melanoma of the ciliary body or choroid. This can be done for small melanomas but is technically difficult.
Enucleation: Removal of the entire eyeball. This is used for some smaller melanomas and for larger melanomas (T4 or large T3 tumors), especially if other treatment options would destroy useful vision in the eye anyway. During the same operation, an orbital implant is usually put in to take the place of the eyeball. The implant is made out of silicone or hydroxyapatite (a substance similar to bone). It is attached to the muscles that moved the eye, so it should move the same way as the eye would have. Within a few weeks, you visit an ocularist (a specialist in eye prostheses) to be fitted with an artificial eye that has been made to match the size and color of the remaining eye. The artificial eye is a thin shell that fits over the orbital implant and under the eyelids. Once the eye is in place, it will be hard to tell it apart from the real eye.

Possible risks and side effects of surgery
All surgeries carry some risk, including the possibility of bleeding, infections, and complications from anesthesia. Surgery on the eye can lead to the loss of some or all of the vision in that eye. This may be immediate (as is the case after more extensive surgeries like enucleation) or it may develop later on. Of course, in some cases vision may have already been damaged or lost because of the cancer. Removal of the eyeball (enucleation) obviously can affect a person's appearance. As noted above, an artificial eye can be put in place to help minimize this.

Treatment of Intraocular Melanoma By Stage

The main factors in determining treatment for eye melanoma include the size and stage of the cancer, as well as the likelihood of saving vision. There is no major advantage in saving an eye if a small melanoma in a crucial place has completely destroyed vision. And doctors will not necessarily want to remove an eye that functions normally even if the tumor is large. Therefore, the statements below about treatment can only be general and may not apply to every situation. It is important to remember that patients who have had enucleation (removal of the eyeball) and those who have had radiation therapy respond similarly when asked about the quality of their lives after treatment. The most important outcome for these people was surviving this cancer.

Choroidal Melanomas
Treating these cancers depends on their size and how well the eye functions. The smaller the tumor, the less likely surgery will be needed unless the eye is badly damaged or vision is lost.
Small melanomas: There are often several options for treating small choroidal melanomas. Both you and your doctor should decide which option is best for you.

• radiation therapy, such as brachytherapy, proton beam therapy, or stereotactic radiation therapy)
• laser therapy, including TTT
• surgery, which may require removing only the tumor or may need to be as extensive as enucleation (removing the entire eye). This may be necessary if the eye is severely damaged by the tumor (for example, causing severe glaucoma).

It is often hard to tell if a small tumor is cancerous, so your doctor may recommend watching the tumor carefully to see if it grows before deciding on a treatment.
Medium-sized melanomas: These tumors can usually be treated by most approaches listed above with the exception of laser therapy or TTT (although TTT might be used after radiation). Once again, the choice of treatment is a decision that should involve both you and your doctor. Radiation and surgery appear to be about equally effective. Radiation offers the best chance of preserving eyesight, but some people who have radiation may eventually need surgery.
Large melanomas: These cancers are usually treated by surgery, which often needs to be more extensive than for smaller melanomas. Enucleation (removal of the entire eye) is the preferred surgery. Some doctors have begun treating large melanomas with plaque radiotherapy with fairly good results. The cure rate appears to be about as high as with surgery. This allows patients to avoid the cosmetic effect of losing their eye, but most patients still end up with poor vision in the eye.

Melanomas of the Iris
Melanomas of the iris are usually small, slow-growing tumors. One option for people with an early stage iris melanoma is to wait and see if it grows. A series of special photographs are taken to help monitor the tumor. If it begins to grow, treatment may consist of surgery or radiation therapy (in certain situations). If surgery is recommend, the amount of eye tissue to be removed depends on the extent of the cancer. Types of surgery for early iris melanomas include:

• iridectomy (removal of part of the iris)
• iridotrabeculectomy (removal of part of the iris, plus a small piece of the outer part of the eyeball)
• iridocyclectomy (removal of a portion of the iris and the ciliary body)
• enucleation (removal of the eyeball)

Ciliary body melanoma
These cancers can be treated with either surgical removal of the tumor, if it is small enough, or radiation therapy. In more advanced cases or if there is serious eye damage, enucleation may be needed.

Recurrent melanomas
Treating melanomas that recur (come back) after initial treatment depends on several factors, including where the cancer recurs and what type of treatment was used initially. Cancers that recur within the eye (intraocular recurrence) are usually treated by enucleation. Extraocular recurrences, like skin melanomas that recur at distant sites, are often hard to treat. Immunotherapy (drugs that boost the immune system) and/or chemotherapy are the most commonly used treatments. Surgery may be an option in rare cases if the recurrence is only in one spot. For more detailed information on treating advanced melanomas, see our separate document, Melanoma Skin Cancer.

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Diagnose of Eye Cancer

Diagnosing Melanoma Of The Eye

Signs and Symptoms of Eye Melanoma
Many patients with eye melanoma don't have symptoms unless the cancer grows in certain parts of the eye or becomes more advanced. Signs and symptoms of eye melanomas can include:

• decreased ability to see
• floaters (spots or squiggles drifting in the field of vision) or flashes of light
• visual field loss (losing part of your field of sight)
• a growing dark spot on the iris
• a change in position of the eyeball within its socket
• bulging of the eye
• a change in the way the eye moves within the socket

Pain is quite rare except in cases of massive spread outside the eye. In such a case, bulging or a change in the position of the eye may also be noted. Other, less serious conditions can cause some of these symptoms. For example, floaters may occur as a normal part of the aging process. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

Eye Exam
Examination of the eye by an ophthalmologist (a medical doctor specializing in diseases of the eye) is often the most important step in diagnosing melanoma of the eye. The doctor will look for enlarged blood vessels on the outside of the eye, which can be a sign of a tumor inside the eye. The ophthalmologist may also use special instruments to get a good look inside the eye for a tumor or other abnormality.

• An ophthalmoscope (also known as a direct ophthalmoscope) is a hand-held instrument consisting of a light and a small magnifying lens.
• An indirect ophthalmoscope and a slit lamp is more like a large microscope, often providing a more detailed view of the inside of the eye than the direct phthalmoscope.

Most of the time, an eye exam alone can make the diagnosis. In some cases, imaging tests such as ultrasound may be required to confirm the diagnosis. Very rarely will a biopsy also be needed. Many people have a benign tumor in the eye called a choroidal nevus, which can sometimes be mistaken for an eye melanoma. A small number of these will eventually turn into melanomas. If your ophthalmologist spots one of these, he or she will likely advise regular eye exams to see if it grows.Even if you have recently had your eyes examined by an ophthalmologist or optometrist, if you start to have any of the symptoms listed above, get another exam. Sometimes these tumors are missed or grow so fast that they weren't there when you were last examined.If symptoms and/or the results of the eye exam suggest cancer might be present, more involved tests will likely be done. These might include imaging tests or other procedures.

Imaging Tests
Imaging tests use sound waves, x-rays, or magnetic fields to create pictures of the inside of your body. Imaging tests may be done for a number of reasons, including to help find a suspicious area that might be cancerous, to learn how far cancer may have spread, and to help determine if treatment has been effective.
Ultrasound: This is an important test for helping to diagnose eye melanomas. Ultrasound is a very common test that is often used in pregnant women to look at the fetus. But it can be applied anywhere in the body. For this test, a small instrument is placed up against the eyeball and high frequency sound waves are sent through the eye. The instrument picks up the pattern of echoes that comes back, which is converted into an image on a computer screen. This test is especially useful for diagnosing eye melanomas because they have a specific appearance on ultrasound. Using this test, doctors can confirm a diagnosis of melanoma of the eye in most cases.If you have already been diagnosed with eye melanoma, ultrasound may also be used to look for tumors in the liver, which is a common site of spread of this cancer.
Angiography: This is another technique used by ophthalmologists to help diagnose melanoma of the eye. A fluorescent dye is injected into the bloodstream through a vein in the arm. Pictures of the back of the eye are then taken with light that causes the dye to fluoresce (glow). Although melanomas do not have a special appearance with this test, some other eye problems do. Doctors can use this method to tell if something is not a melanoma.
Chest x-ray: If you have been diagnosed with eye melanoma, a plain x-ray of your chest may be done to see if the cancer has spread to your lungs. This is very unlikely unless your cancer is far advanced. This x-ray can be done in any outpatient setting. If the results are normal, you probably don't have cancer in your lungs.
Computed tomography (CT or CAT) scan: The CT scan is an x-ray procedure that produces detailed cross-sectional images of your body. Instead of taking one picture, like a conventional x-ray, a CT scanner takes many pictures as it rotates around you. A computer then combines these pictures into images of the part of your body being studied. CT scans are sometimes used to see if a melanoma has spread outside of the eye into nearby structures. It may also be used to look for spread of the cancer to distant organs such as the liver. Prior to the scan, you may be asked to drink a contrast solution and/or get an intravenous (IV) injection of a contrast dye that helps better outline abnormal areas in the body. You may need an IV line through which the contrast dye is injected. The injection can cause some flushing (redness and warm feeling). Some people are allergic and get hives or, rarely, more serious reactions like trouble breathing and low blood pressure. Be sure to tell the doctor if you have ever had a reaction to any contrast material used for x-rays. You need to lie still on a table while the scan is being done. During the test, the table moves in and out of the scanner, a ring-shaped machine that completely surrounds the table. You might feel a bit confined by the ring you have to lie in while the pictures are being taken. In recent years, spiral CT (also known as helical CT) has become available in many medical centers. This type of CT scan uses a faster machine. The scanner part of the machine rotates around the body continuously, allowing doctors to collect the images much more quickly than standard CT. As a result, you do not have to hold your breath for as long while the image is taken. This lowers the chance of blurred images occurring as a result of breathing motion. It also lowers the dose of radiation received during the test. The slices it images are thinner, which yields more detailed pictures.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan: Like CT scans, MRI scans provide detailed images of soft tissues in the body. But MRI scans use radio waves and strong magnets instead of x-rays. The energy from the radio waves is absorbed and then released in a pattern formed by the type of body tissue and by certain diseases. A computer translates the pattern into very detailed images of parts of the body. A contrast material called gadolinium is often injected into a vein before the scan to better see details. MRI scans may be a little more uncomfortable than CT scans. They take longer -- often up to an hour. You may be placed inside a large cylindrical tube, which is confining and can upset people with a fear of enclosed spaces. Newer, "open" MRI machines can help with this if needed. The MRI machine makes buzzing and clicking noises that you may find disturbing. Some places will provide earplugs to help block this out. MRI images are often used to determine the extent of a tumor's growth and spread. They are particularly useful in examining eye tumors. They are also helpful in detecting cancer that has spread to the brain or spinal cord, as well as any spread of the melanoma outside the eye orbit.

Biopsy
In this procedure, a small, hollow needle is passed into the eye, and cells from the tumor are sucked up into a small syringe. The sample is sent to a lab, where a doctor called a pathologist looks at the cells under a microscope. A biopsy is needed to confirm the diagnosis of most cancers, but it is usually not used for eye melanomas because it is hard to do and risks damaging the eye and possibly spreading the tumor outside the eye. Because of this, and because almost all cases can be accurately diagnosed by the eye exam and imaging tests, most people with melanoma of the eye are treated without having a biopsy. This may change in the future. New technology may make biopsy safer in situations where the diagnosis is uncertain.

Blood tests
Liver function tests: If you have been diagnosed with eye melanoma, your doctor may order blood tests to see how well your liver is functioning. Abnormal test results can sometimes be a sign that the cancer has spread to the liver.

Diagnosing intraocular lymphoma

Signs and symptoms of intraocular lymphoma
The possible signs and symptoms of eye lymphomas include:

• blurred vision or loss of vision
• seeing floaters (spots or squiggles drifting in the field of vision)
• redness or swelling in the eye
• sensitivity to light
• eye pain (uncommon)
• Intraocular lymphoma most often affects both eyes. Other, less serious conditions can cause some of these symptoms.

For example, floaters may occur as a normal part of the aging process. Still, if you have any of these symptoms, it's important to see a doctor right away so the cause can be found and treated, if needed.

Eye Exam
During an eye exam, the doctor will use an ophthalmoscope (an instrument with a light and a small magnifying lens) to get a good look inside the eye. If lymphoma is present, the doctor may see that the vitreous (the jelly-like substance that fills most of the inside of the eye) is cloudy.

Imaging Tests
Most of these tests are described in more detail in the section on diagnosing melanomas.

Ultrasound
Ultrasound is usually done to assess the nature of the mass (tumor), especially if there is no direct view of the back of the eye.

MRI scan
MRI is often done not only to see the eye better, but also to look for lymphoma in the brain or meninges (the thin layers of tissue that surround the brain and spinal cord), which are common sites of spread of this cancer.

CT scan
CT scans are used less often than MRI scans for eye lymphoma because they do not provide as much detail.

Positron emission tomography (PET) scan
For a PET scan, you receive an injection of glucose (a form of sugar) that contains a radioactive atom. The amount of radioactivity used is very low. Because cancer cells in the body are growing quickly, they absorb large amounts of the radioactive sugar. A special camera can then be used to create a picture of areas of radioactivity in the body. The picture is not finely detailed like a CT or MRI scan, but it can provide helpful information about your whole body. A PET scan can help give the doctor a better idea of whether the cancer has spread to lymph nodes or other parts of the body. A PET scan can also be useful if your doctor thinks the cancer may have spread but doesn't know where. Some newer machines are able to perform both a PET and CT scan at the same time (PET/CT scan). This allows the doctor to compare areas of higher radioactivity on the PET scan with the more detailed appearance of that area on the CT.

Biopsy
Symptoms and the results of exams and tests may suggest that intraocular lymphoma is present, but a biopsy is usually needed to confirm the diagnosis. To biopsy the eye, an ophthalmologist does a procedure called a vitrectomy, in which he or she takes a sample of the vitreous gel from inside the eye. The doctor inserts very small instruments into the eye, cuts the vitreous, and then sucks some of it out. The cells in the biopsy sample are then sent to a lab to be looked at under a microscope and tested by other special techniques. For more information on the lab tests done on suspected lymphoma specimens, see our document, Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma.

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
This procedure is used to look for lymphoma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which is the liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is done in cases of known or suspected eye lymphomas because these cancers may spread to the brain. For this test, you lay on your side on a bed or exam table with your knees up near your chest. The doctor first numbs an area in the lower part of the back near the spine. A small, hollow needle is then placed between the bones of the spine to withdraw some of the fluid. The fluid is then examined under a microscope to look for lymphoma cells. Other tests may be done on the fluid as well

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Overviews of Eye Cancer

Eye cancer is a general term used to describe many types of tumors that occur in various parts of the eye. It occurs when cells in or around the eye begin to change and grow uncontrollably, forming a mass called a tumor. A tumor may be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous, meaning cells can spread to other parts of the body). Cancer that forms in the eyeball is called an intraocular malignancy.

Parts of The Eye
The eye is the organ that collects light and sends messages to the brain to form a picture. The three main parts of the eye are:

• Eyeball
• Orbit (eye socket)
• Adnexal (accessory) structures (such as the eyelid and tear glands)

The outer part of the eye is made up of the sclera, retina, and uvea. The sclera is the outer wall of the eyeball. The retina is a thin-layered structure that lines the eyeball and sends information from the eye to the brain. The uvea nourishes the eye. Both the retina and the uvea contain blood vessels. The uvea consists of the following:

• Iris: The colored part of the eye that controls the amount of light entering the eye
• Ciliary body: Muscular tissue that produces the watery fluid (aqueous humor) in the eye and helps the eye focus
• Choroid: The layer of tissue underneath the retina that contains connective tissue and melanocytes and nourishes the inside of the eye; the choroid is the most common site for a tumor.

Types of intraocular cancer
The most common intraocular cancer in adults is uveal metastases, which is cancer that has spread to uvea from another place in the body, called secondary cancer. This article is about primary intraocular cancer, meaning that the tumor started in the eye, not somewhere else in the body.
Melanoma is the most common type of primary intraocular cancer in adults. It begins when pigmented (colored) cells in the eye called melanocytes grow uncontrollably. Intraocular melanoma is also called uveal melanoma.
Medical doctors who specialize in the diseases and function of the eye are called ophthalmologists (or “eye MDs”). These doctors can diagnose and treat intraocular melanoma. Optometrists are another type of eye doctor. They prescribe eyeglasses and contact lenses. They are not medical doctors and are not trained to treat intraocular cancer.
Other, less common types of an intraocular tumor include:
Intraocular lymphoma is lymphoma that begins in the eyeball. This condition is rare and can be difficult for doctors to diagnose. Many doctors consider intraocular lymphoma to be a type of central nervous system lymphoma. Most intraocular lymphomas are non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Retinoblastoma is a rare form of childhood eye cancer.
Hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor of the choroid and retina.
In addition, rare tumors of the eye include:
Conjunctival melanoma, a tumor of the conjunctiva (a membrane that lines the eyelid and eyeball). If this tumor is not treated, it can spread to the lymph nodes. This tumor tends to recur (come back after treatment) on the eye’s surface and looks like dark spots on the eye. Doctors often perform a biopsy (removal of a sample of the tissue for examination under a microscope) on a lesion that appears to be conjunctival melanoma.
Eyelid carcinoma (basal or squamous cell) is a variation of skin cancer. This tumor may be surgically removed and is usually not dangerous if it is treated early.
Certain signs and symptoms might suggest that a person may have eye cancer, but tests are typically needed to confirm the diagnosis.

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Due to Sleep Deprivation

The body can not lie, including when the need to rest. Although enthusiasm for the move was still raging, certain symptoms will appear as a sign that the body feels tired.
In addition to resting the muscles, sleep also gives an opportunity for the immune system to produce hormones in immunity.

In order for these regulations are not disturbed, the body naturally also release hormones that trigger drowsiness at certain times. Signs that your body feels tired easily identifiable, among others, as quoted from the Prevention, Monday (17/05/2010), as follows:


1. All things become complicated-looking
According to a researcher from the University of California, Sean Drummond, PhD, lack of sleep can make things seem so trivial to be complicated. The effect, a person becomes difficult to remember the details, could not sort out and remember important information, as well as difficult to adjust to sudden schedule changes.


2. Remain hungry despite eating all day
Research has shown that lack of sleep can lower blood sugar levels. These conditions inhibit the production of leptin, hormones that control appetite. In contrast, production of ghrelin hormone that triggers hunger will increase. Unfortunately, in this condition the body will feel more in need of sugar rather than more complex carbohydrates.


3. Become prone to flu
Less rest makes the immune system weakens, so easily infected by viruses or bacteria. According to one study, sleep for 8 hours / day can reduce the risk of catching the flu as much as three times compared to only sleep for 7 hours / day. According to another study, sleep for four hours / day even make the flu vaccine does not work.


4. Become more sentimental and weepy
A study was conducted to examine the relationship between lack of sleep with the emotions that are not stable, with lurid pictures showing how the participants who did not sleep all night. Through brain scans, it appears the increase in activity up to 60 percent in the amygdala, a part of the brain responsible for fear and anxiety. Forms of other emotions that can arise is feeling sad, irritable, and sometimes quick-tempered.


5. Become more awkward and clumsy
A number of scientific evidence suggests, the lack of sleep makes motor response is slower and inaccurate, reduced reflexes and can not focus on one event. The exact cause is unknown, but experts believe that it is a strong impulse from the body for sleep. Awkward or clumsy even can be called 'microsleeps' or sleep in a micro scale.

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10 Abatement Technology Earth From Ruin

There is the assumption of the skeptics that the technology is only damaging the environment. This assumption is challenged scientists to develop environmentally friendly technologies.The United Nations estimates, up to the year 2030 the energy demand will soar for 60 percent. A total of 2.9 billion people will lack water supply. Here are 10 types of classified technology to prevent the earth from destruction.

1. Naturally produces oil
There is the process called thermo-depolymerization, a process that similar to how nature produces oil. For example, if carbon-based waste is heated and pressurized properly, can produce oil material. Menbutuhkan Naturally this process took millions of years. From the experimental it already, turkey manure can produce about 600 pounds of petroleum.

Eliminate salt from sea water.
The UN noted that water supply will be very limited for the billions of humans in the middle of this century. There is technology called desalination, which removes salt and mineral content of sea water, so proper drunk. This is the solution that can be done to prevent the water crisis. The problem is, this technology is still too expensive and requires considerable energy. Now scientists are looking for a way so that desalination can take place with less energy. One of the ways is by evaporation of water before going into the membranes with microscopic pores.

3. Hydrogen Energy.
Hydrogen fuel is considered as an alternative to pollution-free fuel. Energy generated from a combination of hydrogen and oxygen. The problem is how the hydrogen was produced. Molecules such as water and alcohol should be processed first to mengekstaksi hydrogen fuel cells to become. This process also requires large energy. But at least scientists have tried to make laptops and other devices with fuel cell power.

4. Solar
Solar energy that reached the earth is made up of photons, can be converted into electricity or heat. Some companies and housing has been successfully using this application. They use the solar cells and other solar thermal collectors as a medium of energy.

5. Heat Conversion Sea
Media's biggest solar collector on this earth is sea water. United States Department of Energy (USA) calls, the ocean absorbs solar heat energy produced is equivalent to 250 billion barrels per day minyal. There is technology called OTEC is capable of converting ocean thermal energy into electricity. The temperature difference between sea surface is able to run turbines and fuel the generator. The problem is, this technology is still less efficient.

6. Ocean wave energy.
70 percent of the sea surrounding the earth's surface. The tuner to store energy that can drive huge turbines so that electricity mengasilkan. The problem is rather difficult to estimate when the sea waves large enough to produce enough energy. The solution is to save some energy when a wave large enough. New York City's East River are now under a pilot project with six turbine-powered water gelombanng. While the Portuguese had already practiced precisely this technology and successfully illuminates more than 1500 homes.

7. Planted roof
This concept is inspired from the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are included in the list of the Seven Wonders of the World. Babylonian palace consists of the roof planted with various flora, as well as balcony and terrace. This roof garden can absorb heat and reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Imagine if the birds and butterflies flying around our green home.

8. Bioremediation
There is a process called bioremediation, ie exploit microbes and plants to clean up contamination. One is cleaning the content of nitrate in the water with the help of microbes. Or use the plants to neutralize arsenic from soil. Some native plants have turned out to clean up our earth daedah of various pollutants.

9. Grave goods destroyer
Carbon dioxide is the main factor causing global warming. Energy Information Administration (EIA) notes, the year 2030 carbon dioxide emissions at 8000 million metric tons. The simplest method to suppress the content of harmful substances is to bury a variety of different sources of CO2 such as hazardous electronic waste. But scientists still do not believe that the harmful gases would be stored safely. Still later will appear negative impact on the environment.

10. Electronic Books
Imagine, how many tons of paper and how many trees must be felled for throughout the world if we all have to buy newspapers, magazines, novels, textbooks, exercise books, paper fax, to toilet paper. Electronic books, or electronic mail known as e-books and e-mail very significant contribution to the survival. With the technology, production of paper can be suppressed, so that the material we do not have too many trees cut down

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Posted in: sciences

How To Cope Vertigo

Vertigo is the sensation of spinning that can occur at any time, even though our bodies are in a state of standing upright. Surroundings appear to move, either vertically or horizontally. Some people feel that they are really spinning. The effect may be mild or even severe that we could fall to the floor.

Vertigo is different to dizziness, an experience that we feel may have the head feels light when will stand. While the vertigo could be more severe than that, for example, can make us difficult to move because of a sense of spinning that affect the body's equilibrium.

Vertigo Symptoms
Vertigo can occur suddenly and lasts briefly, but can also occur for several days. Those with severe vertigo that may not be getting out of bed and this will affect his daily activities. For that, the symptoms of vertigo can vary depending on severity. Symptoms that can be perceived, among others:

• Place your spin or stand motionless
  
• Nausea
  
• Vomiting
  
• Difficulty standing or walking
  
• Sensation head felt light
  
• Unable to focus eyes

Causes of Vertigo
Vertigo is often caused by the disruption of the balance of the area centered on a maze or a snail's house in the area of the ear. Possible causes of vertigo are:

• Viral infections such as common cold or influenza that attacks the inner ear area
  
• Bacterial infections of the middle ear
  
• Inflammation of the joints in the neck region
  
• Migraine attacks
  
• The circulation of the blood which can cause decreased blood flow to the balance center of the brain decreases
  
• Drunk vehicle
  
• Alcohol and certain drugs

Prevention of vertigo
The following steps can relieve or prevent symptoms of vertigo:

• Sleep with your head a little higher
  
• Get up slowly and sit down first before we got up from bed
  
• Avoid bending position when lifting objects
  
• Avoid the position of her head, for example, to retrieve an object from a height
  
• Move the head carefully if our heads in the flat position (horizontal) or when the neck in a position to look up.

Benign positional vertigo is a form of vertigo attacks in the short term but over and over again. Symptoms only in seconds but can be quite severe, often appear after we are stricken with a viral infection or due to inflammation and damage in the area of the middle ear. Symptoms can arise if we move the head suddenly, eg when turning with a quick motion.
Generally, a case of vertigo cases are mild and not dangerous. However, if symptoms recur or persist, to be seen whether there are factors that cause it. If the symptoms are very disturbing our activities, consult a doctor immediately to determine whether there is cause a serious and appropriate therapy to heal our vertigo.

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Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment of Diabetes

CAUSES
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas to control blood sugar. Diabetes can be caused by too little insulin, resistance to insulin, or both. To understand diabetes, it is important to first understand the normal process by which food is broken down and used by the body for energy. Several things happen when food is digested:

• A sugar called glucose enters the bloodstream. Glucose is a source of fuel for the body.
• An organ called the pancreas makes insulin. The role of insulin is to move glucose from the bloodstream into muscle, fat, and liver cells, where it can be used as fuel.

People with diabetes have high blood sugar.

This is because:

• Their pancreas does not make enough insulin
• Their muscle, fat, and liver cells do not respond to insulin normally
• Both of the above.

There are three major types of diabetes:

• Type 1 diabetes is usually diagnosed in childhood. Many patients are diagnosed when they are older than age 20. In this disease, the body makes little or no insulin. Daily injections of insulin are needed. The exact cause is unknown. Genetics, viruses, and autoimmune problems may play a role.
• Type 2 diabetes is far more common than type 1. It makes up most of diabetes cases. It usually occurs in adulthood, but young people are increasingly being diagnosed with this disease. The pancreas does not make enough insulin to keep blood glucose levels normal, often because the body does not respond well to insulin. Many people with type 2 diabetes do not know they have it, although it is a serious condition. Type 2 diabetes is becoming more common due to increasing obesity and failure to exercise.
• Gestational diabetes is high blood glucose that develops at any time during pregnancy in a woman who does not have diabetes. Women who have gestational diabetes are at high risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life.

Diabetes affects more than 20 million Americans. Over 40 million Americans have prediabetes (early type 2 diabetes). There are many risk factors for type 2 diabetes, including:

• Age over 45 years
• A parent, brother, or sister with diabetes
• Gestational diabetes or delivering a baby weighing more than 9 pounds
• Heart disease
• High blood cholesterol level
• Obesity
• Not getting enough exercise
• Polycystic ovary disease (in women)
• Previous impaired glucose tolerance
• Some ethnic groups (particularly African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic Americans)

SYMPTOMS
High blood levels of glucose can cause several problems, including:

• Blurry vision
• Excessive thirst
• Fatigue
• Frequent urination
• Hunger
• Weight loss

However, because type 2 diabetes develops slowly, some people with high blood sugar experience no symptoms at all.
Symptoms of type 1 diabetes:

• Fatigue
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Weight loss in spite of increased appetite

Patients with type 1 diabetes usually develop symptoms over a short period of time. The condition is often diagnosed in an emergency setting.
Symptoms of type 2 diabetes:

• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Increased appetite
• Increased thirst
• Increased urination

EXAMS AND TESTS
A urine analysis may be used to look for glucose and ketones from the breakdown of fat. However, a urine test alone does not diagnose diabetes. The following blood tests are used to diagnose diabetes:

• Fasting blood glucose level -- diabetes is diagnosed if higher than 126 mg/dL on two occasions. Levels between 100 and 126 mg/dL are referred to as impaired fasting glucose or prediabetes. These levels are considered to be risk factors for type 2 diabetes and its complications.
• Oral glucose tolerance test -- diabetes is diagnosed if glucose level is higher than 200 mg/dL after 2 hours. (This test is used more for type 2 diabetes.)
• Random (non-fasting) blood glucose level -- diabetes is suspected if higher than 200 mg/dL and accompanied by the classic diabetes symptoms of increased thirst, urination, and fatigue. (This test must be confirmed with a fasting blood glucose test.)

Persons with diabetes need to have their hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level checked every 3 - 6 months. The HbA1c is a measure of average blood glucose during the previous 2 - 3 months. It is a very helpful way to determine how well treatment is working.

TREATMENT
The immediate goals are to treat diabetic ketoacidosis and high blood glucose levels. Because type 1 diabetes can start suddenly and have severe symptoms, people who are newly diagnosed may need to go to the hospital.
The long-term goals of treatment are to:

• Prolong life
• Reduce symptoms
• Prevent diabetes-related complications such as blindness, heart disease, kidney failure, and amputation of limbs

These goals are accomplished through:

• Blood pressure and cholesterol control
• Careful self testing of blood glucose levels
• Education
• Exercise
• Foot care
• Meal planning and weight control
• Medication or insulin use

There is no cure for diabetes. Treatment involves medicines, diet, and exercise to control blood sugar and prevent symptoms.

Learn These Skills
Basic diabetes management skills will help prevent the need for emergency care. These skills include:

• How to recognize and treat low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) and high blood sugar (hyperglycemia)
• What to eat and when
• How to take insulin or oral medication
• How to test and record blood glucose
• How to test urine for ketones (type 1 diabetes only)
• How to adjust insulin or food intake when changing exercise and eating habits
• How to handle sick days
• Where to buy diabetes supplies and how to store them

After you learn the basics of diabetes care, learn how the disease can cause long-term health problems and the best ways to prevent these problems. Review and update your knowledge, because new research and improved ways to treat diabetes are constantly being developed.

Self-Testing
If you have diabetes, your doctor may tell you to regularly check your blood sugar levels at home. There are a number of devices available, and they use only a drop of blood. Self-monitoring tells you how well diet, medication, and exercise are working together to control your diabetes. It can help your doctor prevent complications.The American Diabetes Association recommends keeping blood sugar levels in the range of:

• 80 - 120 mg/dL before meals
• 100 - 140 mg/dL at bedtime

Your doctor may adjust this depending on your circumstances.

What To Eat
You should work closely with your health care provider to learn how much fat, protein, and carbohydrates you need in your diet. A registered dietician can help you plan your dietary needs. People with type 1 diabetes should eat at about the same times each day and try to be consistent with the types of food they choose. This helps to prevent blood sugar from becoming extremely high or low. People with type 2 diabetes should follow a well-balanced and low-fat diet.

How To Take Medication
Medications to treat diabetes include insulin and glucose-lowering pills called oral hypoglycemic drugs. People with type 1 diabetes cannot make their own insulin. They need daily insulin injections. Insulin does not come in pill form. Injections are generally needed one to four times per day. Some people use an insulin pump. It is worn at all times and delivers a steady flow of insulin throughout the day. Other people may use inhaled insulin.
Unlike type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes may respond to treatment with exercise, diet, and medicines taken by mouth. There are several types of medicines used to lower blood glucose in type 2 diabetes.
Medications may be switched to insulin during pregnancy and while breastfeeding. Gestational diabetes may be treated with exercise and changes in diet.

Exercise
Regular exercise is especially important for people with diabetes. It helps with blood sugar control, weight loss, and high blood pressure. People with diabetes who exercise are less likely to experience a heart attack or stroke than those who do not exercise regularly. Here are some exercise considerations:

• Always check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program.
• Ask your doctor or nurse if you have the right footwear.
• Choose an enjoyable physical activity that is appropriate for your current fitness level.
• Exercise every day, and at the same time of day, if possible.
• Monitor blood glucose levels before and after exercise.
• Carry food that contains a fast-acting carbohydrate in case you become hypoglycemic during or after exercise.
• Carry a diabetes identification card and a cell phone in case of emergency.
• Drink extra fluids that do not contain sugar before, during, and after exercise.

You may need to change your diet or medication dose if you change your exercise intensity or duration to keep blood sugar levels from going too high or low.

Foot Care
People with diabetes are more likely to have foot problems. Diabetes can damage blood vessels and nerves and decrease the body's ability to fight infection. You may not notice a foot injury until an infection develops. Death of skin and other tissue can occur. If left untreated, the affected foot may need to be amputated. Diabetes is the most common condition leading to amputations. To prevent injury to the feet, check and care for your feet every day.

PREVENTATION
Maintaining an ideal body weight and an active lifestyle may prevent type 2 diabetes. Currently there is no way to prevent type 1 diabetes. There is no effective screening test for type 1 diabetes in people who don't have symptoms. Screening for type 2 diabetes and people with no symptoms is recommended for:

• Overweight children who have other risk factors for diabetes starting at age 10 and repeating every 2 years
• Overweight adults (BMI greater than 25) who have other risk factors
• Adults over 45, repeated every 3 years

To prevent complications of diabetes, visit your health care provider or diabetes educator at least four times a year. Talk about any problems you are having.
Regularly have the following tests:

• Have your blood pressure checked every year (blood pressure goals should be 130/80 mm/Hg or lower).
• Have your glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) checked every 6 months if your diabetes is well controlled, otherwise every 3 months.
• Have your cholesterol and triglyceride levels checked yearly (aim for LDL levels below 100 mg/dL).
• Get yearly tests to make sure your kidneys are working well (microalbuminuria and serum creatinine).
• Visit your ophthalmologist (preferably one who specializes in diabetic retinopathy) at least once a year, or more often if you have signs of diabetic retinopathy.
• See the dentist every 6 months for a thorough dental cleaning and exam. Make sure your dentist and hygienist know that you have diabetes.
• Make sure your health care provider inspects your feet at each visit.

Stay up-to-date with all of your vaccinations and get a flu shot every year in the fall.

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Posted in: types of illnesses

Why Falling Cat Couldn't Reversed?

You may never see a cat falling from high places and then turned around and can land smoothly and not get injured. Why can? This happens because the cat (and some other animals) have a system of balance and coordination are incredible.
The system is what makes a cat, when dropped, will be realized in what position he fell. If he fell upside down, he will immediately play the body so that his feet are on the bottom, and prepare for landing.
Landing of origin does not stretch our legs. If a man falls from high places by foot down, it usually must be broken. If cats clever, they are after playing foot down, stretched his right leg so that the wind held down his body. And when in contact with the ground, legs bent to minimize the effects of immediate collapse. rnah see a cat falling from high places and then turned around and can land smoothly and not get injured. Why can? This happens because the cat (and some other animals) have a system of balance and coordination are incredible.

The highest record ever recorded that the cat had fallen from a height of 46 floor level (although he fell he had bounced bounced to the canopy) and still be up and running with little limping, her extraordinary.
If a man die tuh kemungki. But research shows that the higher the cat falls, the more bone is broken. That could happen only if he fell off a minimum of five levels of the floor limit only. Moreover, the number of broken bones cat dropped dramatically, especially if higher.
Now the secret is, cats (and some other animals) have what is called the terminal velocity, ie the maximum velocity of 60 miles per hour. When cats fall, according to the laws of physics, the speed falls to the cat grew older.
Apparently, when the speed of a cat falling reach terminal velocity, at the time that cats feel most relaxed and comfortable. So he started stretching his legs like a squirrel jumps to reduce the effects of the fall.
Well that's why the higher he falls, the more there is a chance for him to feel relaxed. That's also why if dijatuhin from a low place, he did not have time to feel relaxed. So the fall is more tasteless.

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Change In Future Technology

1. Super Digital Libraries
Increased Internet connectivity is a major cause of interaction between the library easily with one another. Digital libraries are no longer just on access in a LAN or WAN environment but have formed a kind of super-accessible library people from all over the world.
Strong support by major server and database that has been owned by some of the library, especially with international standards. Although all the information that there is not all what you get for free.
Library space is no longer filled with piles of books but a quality line of servers and a huge capacity which contains various millions of e-book.
Let's take the example of an existing trend now for example, MIT has a course can be conducted online or trend "Google Book Search". With the era of super digital library of all your questions on various things can be answered quickly.

2. Gene Therapy and / or Stem Cells
Efforts to become more frequent genetic modification developed by scientists, alter gene is no longer the impossible can even be done easily. Trick or genetically modify certain cells will grow rapidly. Can even be as easy as changing your blog template.

3. Therapeutic Cloning
Technology klonning human body parts will develop. The aim is for health, such as cancer, chronic disease that must be lifted so it need a klonningan order to have the same characteristics of the members of the body in the lift. For if the replacement does not have the same characteristics, other members of the body can resist.

4. The spread of Wireless Internet Technology
WiMAX, 3G, 4G and beyond will be easily spread to the whole world up to the corners. Any person can go online anywhere anytime. That would imply increasingly easy connectivity with a variety of communications equipment platforms. Suppose you want to connect your home burglar alarm with Mobile you will be very easy.

5. Mobile Robots
Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has had a program since 2005 to hold the DARPA Chalenge (robot car contest). Car-nmobil without crew and without remote control. He can run a given task to deliver something to the destination by knowing the road map and it's subleties.This technology has been developed by the U.S. military to minimize casualties in case of war the town, its original destination is a car with a pen-supply mission to penetrate the road, maneuvering, navigating a reliable machine-based intelligence and robot technology.
This machine is also equipped with sensors and positioning the super-sophisticated. The tool is able to explain all the characteristics of the environment through which to bring a given task.

6. Location-Based Computing
This technology has been developed by TED company where the project was developed by a young man from India, Pranav Mistry with a technology called sixth sense technology.Everything you can enter data into the world as you wish your thoughts. Suppose you imagine using your palms to the phone it can be done, or a piece of paper for browsing can be done only with a set of tools that can menghubungankan world with the data.

7. Desktop 3D Printing
Fore you can create and download three-dimensional design and print directly on your desktop with a 3D printer technology. The next step will be used to design your own gadgets. Design your child's toys, household appliances, etc.

8. The Hydrogen Economy
The use of technology for transforming water into hydrogen or other gases. This means that water can be used as fuel. Research, some scientists claimed that the elements contained in the hydrogen can be formed from water. This will improve the world economy, since fuel is the most important needs of mankind can be replaced with water.

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Posted in: sciences

Brain Tumor

DEFINITIONS:
Benign brain tumors are abnormal tissue growth in the brain, but not malignant.
Malignant brain tumor is a cancer in the brain which potentially infiltrate and destroy the tissue next to or that have spread (metastases) to the brain from other parts of the body through the bloodstream.
Several types of benign brain tumors can grow inside the brain and named according to the cell or tissue origin:

Schwannoma originating from Schwann cells that wrap the neural

Ependimoma derived from cells that restrict the part of the brain

Meningioma originating from meningen (tissue that lines the outside of the brain)

Adenoma originated from the gland cells

Osteoma originating from the bone structure of the skull

Hemangioblastoma derived from the blood vessels.

Benign brain tumor that could be a congenital abnormality is:

Kraniofaringioma

Kordoma

Germinoma

Teratoma

Dermoid Cyst

Angioma.

Meningioma is usually benign, but may recur after being picked up. These tumors are more often found in women and usually appears at age 40-60 years, but it was likely appear in childhood or at a more advanced age.Tumor symptoms and lowered the possibility of this depends on the size, speed growth and its location in the brain. If you grow very large, can cause mental deterioration such as dementia (senility). Malignant brain tumors are the most common is the spread of cancer from other parts of the body. Breast cancer and lung cancer, a malignant melanoma and cancers of the blood cells (such as leukemia and lymphoma) can spread to the brain. This dissemination can occur in one area or several different parts of the brain. Derived from primary brain tumors in the brain, which consists of:
Glioma derived from tissue that surround and support nerve cells, some of which are malignant Glioblastoma multiformis is the type most often found Astrocytoma anaplastic, very fast growth Astrocytoma, slow growth. Oligodendroglioma Meduloblastoma, rare, usually attacking the children before they reach puberty
Sarcoma and adenosarkoma is a rare cancer, which grows from structures other than nerve cells.
Brain tumor originating from the nervous system
Type of Tumor Origin Malignancy Status Percentage Of All Frequently Affected Brain Tumors:
Neuron Kordoma of the vertebral column benign but invasive Less than 1% Adult
Germ cell tumors of embryonic cells 1% Malignant or benign Children
Glioma (glioblastoma multiformis, astrocytoma, oligodendtrositoma) adherent cells of the brain, including astrocyte and oligodendrosit Malignant or relatively benign 65% Children & adults.
Benign blood vessels Hemangioblastoma 1-2% Children and adults.
Meduloblastoma embryonic cells Malignant Children.
Meningioma cells from the membranes covering the brain who Benign 20% Adult.
Benign Bone Osteoma second skull Children and adults.
Malignant skull bones Osteosarkoma Less than 1% The kids and adults
Pinealoma cells in benign glands pinealis 1% Children.
Pituitary adenoma pituitary epithelial cells of benign 2% Children and adults.
Tues Schwannoma who wrapped up the neural Benign Schwann 3% Adult.

SYMPTOMS
Both benign and malignant tumors, symptoms occur if the damaged brain tissue or brain gets the emphasis.If a brain tumor is spreading from other tumors, it will be symptoms associated with cancer origin. For example slimy stones and bleeding occurred in lung cancer, lumps in the breast can occur in breast cancer. Symptoms of brain tumors depend on the size, growth speed and location. In some parts of the brain tumor can grow up to reach a larger size before the onset of symptoms, while the rest of the brain, tumor size kecilpun can cause a fatal effect.Early symptoms of brain tumors is often a headache.Headache due to tumor recurrence or perceived continuously, wonderful, can happen to someone who has never previously experienced headaches, occur at night and remained there until awakened. Other early symptoms are often found is a disorder of balance and coordination, dizziness and double vision. Advanced symptoms can include nausea and vomiting, fever, loss arising as well as pulse rate and respiratory rate is abnormal, fast or slow. Before she died, there was great fluctuation of blood pressure. Some brain tumors cause seizures. Seizures occur more frequently in benign brain tumors, meningioma and slow-growing cancer. Tumors can cause arm or leg on one side of the body becomes weak or paralyzed and could affect your ability to feel heat, cold, pressure, light touch or a sharp object. Tumors can also affect hearing, sight and smell. Emphasis on the brain can cause personality changes and causing people to feel drowsy, dazed and unable to think. These symptoms are very serious and require medical treatment right away.

Astrocytoma and Oligodendroglioma

Astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma tumors whose growth is slow and may only cause a seizure. If more malignant (anaplastic astrocytoma and anaplastic oligodendroglioma) can cause brain dysfunction, such as weakness, loss of taste and an unsteady step. Astrocytoma the most ferocious is glioblastoma multiformis, which grow very rapidly causing increased pressure inside the brain and causes headaches, slowed thinking and feeling sleepy or even coma.

Meningioma
Benign tumor originating from the membranes covering the brain (meningen) can cause various symptoms depending on the location of their growth. It could happen weakness or numbness, seizures, disturbances of smell, highlighting the eyes and vision problems. In elderly patients can cause memory loss and difficulty in thinking, similar to what occurs in Alzheimer's disease.

Tumor Pinealis

Pinealis gland located in the mid-brain, which functions regulate internal body clock, especially at normal cycles between wake and sleep. Pinealis atypical tumors (germ cell tumors) most often occurs in childhood and often cause early puberty. This tumor can damage the drainage of fluid around the brain, causing brain and skull enlargement (hydrocephalus) and serious brain dysfunction.

Pituitary tumor

Pituitary gland located at the base of the skull, functioning body regulate the endocrine system. Pituitary tumors are usually benign and produce abnormally large amounts of pituitary hormones:

• Increasing levels of excess growth hormone cause gigantism (very high growth) or akromegali (a disproportionate enlargement of the head, face, hands, legs and chest)
• Elevated levels of corticotropin causing Cushing's syndrome
• Elevated levels of TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) cause hyperthyroidism
• Elevated levels of prolactin cause amenorrhea (cessation of menstrual cycle), galactorrhea (formation of breast milk in women who are not breastfeeding) and gynecomastia (enlarged breasts in men).

Pituitary tumors can also produce hormones erusak network, which in turn would cause dalamtubuh hormone deficiency. Other symptoms can include headaches and loss of outer field of view in both eyes.

DIAGNOSIS
Diagnosis based on symptoms and physical examination. X-ray skull and brain had only a modest description of a brain tumor. All types of brain tumors can usually be seen on CT scan or MRI, which could also determine the size and location of which is uncertain. Pituitary tumors are usually found if it had hit the nerve of sight. Blood tests showed abnormal hormone levels and pituitary tumors can usually be diagnosed by CT scan or MRI. Biopsy is performed to determine the type and nature of tumors (malignant or benign). Sometimes microscopic examination of cerebrospinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture, can show the existence of cancer cells. If there is increased pressure inside the skull, the lumbar puncture can not be done due to pressure changes suddenly could cause herniation. In the herniation, increased pressure within the skull pushing down the brain tissue through a narrow hole at the base of the skull, so that pressing the lower part of the brain (brainstem). As a result, functions that are controlled by the brain stem (breathing, heart rate and blood pressure) will experience interference. If not addressed, herniation can cause coma and death.

TREATMENT
Treatment of brain tumors depends on the location and type. If possible, the tumors removed surgically. Surgery sometimes causes brain damage that can cause partial paralysis, changes in taste, weakness and intellectual disorders. But surgery should be performed if its growth threatens important brain structures. Although the tumor can not cure cancer, but can reduce the size of the tumor, relieve symptoms and help determine the types of tumors and other medications. Some benign tumors must be removed surgically, because they kept growing in the cavity is narrow and can cause more severe damage or death. Meningioma, schwannoma and ependimoma usually removed surgically. After surgery is sometimes performed radiation therapy to destroy tumor cells remaining. Malignant tumors treated with surgery, radiation therapy and chemotherapy. Radiation therapy began after as much as possible the tumor removed surgically. Radiation therapy can not cure the tumor, but it helps minimize the size of the tumor so that tumor can be controlled. Chemotherapy is used to treat some types of brain cancer. Primary brain cancer or metastatic brain cancer responds well to chemotherapy. If there is increased pressure inside the brain, was given an injection of mannitol and corticosteroids to reduce pressure and prevent herniation. Treatment of metastatic cancer depends on the source of the cancer. Radiation therapy is often done. If the spread is only one area, then it could be done surgically.

Antibiotics
Despite treatment, only about 25% of brain cancer patients survive after two years. Better prognosis was found in astrocytoma and oligodendroglioma, where the cancer is usually no recurrence within 3-5 years after treatment. Approximately 50% of patients treated meduloblastoma survive more than five years. Treatment for brain cancer is more effective on:

• Patients under 45 years old
• Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma
• Patients are partially or almost the entire tumor was removed surgically.